Chapter 2 - the first arab invasion - MBK

 Now we know a little bit of the backstory 

In the early 8th century CE, 

khalifa alvalid 2 make al-hazaz the king of Persia 

You know what Persia is, don't you? If you don't search for it on Google, you won't see everything here 

Ahh okay, don't be a crybaby, Persia is basically modern-day Iran 

But still go through the map once on Google 

Now Al Hazaz used to trade with Sri Lanka ( which is an island nation just south of India ) 

Once his trading ship was coming back from Sri Lanka, but it was looted by some pirates near Debal port ( modern day Karachi port) 

At that time, the king of Sindh ( go to the map once again if you don't know where Sindh is ) was Dahir.  

Chach --- Dahir --- Jai Singh (royal Hindu dynasty) 

Al Hazaz accused Dahir and demanded compensation for his losses. Instead of reimbursing Al Hazaz, Dahir, feeling humiliated, claimed he didn't know who had looted the items. In response, Al Hazaz sought revenge by attacking Dahir multiple times. However, Dahir, being a strong king, emerged victorious on each occasion.

Dahir defeated two of his military commanders. 

1. Ubedulla (who was killed)

2. Bazil or Burel

Al-Hazaz sent Muhammad bin Qasim, who successfully invaded Sindh in 712 AD. This event marks the first successful Muslim attack on the Indian subcontinent, as he seized the port of Debol. 

In the Battle of Rewar, the Hindu ruler Dahir was killed. Following this, battles took place in Alor and Multan (713 AD). During the battle in Multan, Muhammad bin Qasim encountered so much gold that he referred to the city as the "City of Gold." Other locations of significance during this period included Nirun and Brahamanabad. 

After the Battle of Rewar, Indian and Arabian cultures began to merge. The first effects of this cultural exchange included:

1. Camel domestication and date cultivation.

2. The use of the atlas.

3. The introduction of the word "monsoon."

4. Exchange of literature:

   - The *Panchatantra* by Vishnu Sharma was translated into Arabic as *Kalila wa Dimna* by Ibn al-Muqaffa.

   - The *Charak Samhita*, attributed to Maharishi Agnivesha, was translated into Arabic.

   - The *Shushruta Samhita* and works like the *Surya Siddhanta* and *Brahma Siddhanta* were also translated, with Al-Fazari undertaking the latter.

5. Muhammad bin Qasim compelled the local population to convert to Islam and mandated the payment of jizya. 

Jizya is a tax levied on non-Muslims, functioning as a punishment for not adhering to Islam. It typically ranged from 33% to 50% of an individual's income, which explains why some chose to convert to Islam 

Muhammad bin Qasim was the one who initially enforced jaziya in India, but it did not apply to Brahmins, women, or anyone with disabilities.

This information can be found in the book Chachnama, which was translated into Arabic and Farsi by Ali Ahmed and Abu Bakr, respectively.

Decline of Mohammed bin Kasim 

Mohammed bin Qasim won 

1. Dabol 

2. Rewar (King Dahir died in this battle in 712 AD) 

3. Multan  

4. Brahamanabad 

King Dahil had two wives, Rani Devi (Johar) and Lado Devi 

Had two daughters, Suryavati and Nirmala Devi 

Jai Singh was his son, killed by MBK 

MBK died, but there are two theories 

Reason 1: In 715, Suleman became khalifa. He disliked Al Hazaz and MBK, but he couldn't do anything to Al Hazaz, so he sort of got jealous of MBK because he entered India successfully, so he ordered to bring MBK in a leather box, and he died in that due to suffocation. 

Reason 2: According to Chachnama book both daughters of MBK were called by persian king al hazaz to join his haram and to marry them to his sons but when they reached there they managed to trick him into believing that they have been raped by MBK so he got capital punishment so MBK was ordered to cut his head and send it to king al hazaz. 714 AD